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Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco (4 August 1713 – 4〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco )〕 or 11 April 1785) was "perhaps the most prolific and important cartographer of New Spain"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Map which Don Francisco Antonio Marín del Valle, Governor and Captain General of this kingdom of New Mexico, ordered drawn : 1758, ''Atlas of Historic New Mexico Maps'' )〕 as well as an artist, particularly as a ''Santero'' (wood-carver of religious images).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Museum of Spanish Colonial Arts Showcases 18th Century Santero and Cartographer )〕 He has been called a polymath, being "proficient in astronomy, cartography, mathematics, geography, geology, geometry, military tactics, commerce, husbandry, oenology, metallurgy, languages, iconology, iconography, liturgy, painting, sculpture and drawing."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Defining the Colonial World: Don Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco Explorer, Scientist, Santero and More )〕 ==Biography== Miera was born in the Valle de Carriedo of Cantabria〔 or Burgos,〔 Spain. The son of a captain of the Cantabrian Cavalry, he was trained as a military engineer.〔 Like many others, he emigrated to New Spain (in North and Central America). In 1741, he married Maria Estefania Domínguez de Mendoza in Chihuahua.〔 They would have two sons, Anacléto (Cléto) and Manuel.〔 In 1743, the family settled in El Paso.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Miera's 1758 Map of New Mexico )〕 A man of many talents, he was variously a merchant, a debt collector, a rancher and a military officer.〔 In the latter capacity, he served in five military campaigns.〔 In 1747, Captain Miera led a military detachment accompanying Padre Juan Menchero on the latter's attempt to convert the Navajo and resettle them around Mount Taylor〔 (formerly Ceboletta〔). Though Menchero was unsuccessful, Miera produced the first map of the territory they traversed.〔 In 1749, he mapped the Rio Grande from El Paso downstream to its junction with the Rio Conchos.〔〔 He was also a painter and carver. Some of his works survive in churches and museums; the Church of Cristo Rey in Santa Fe has "his masterpiece, the Castrense altar screen".〔 In 1754〔 or 1756,〔 he moved his family to Santa Fe. He was appointed alcalde of the pueblos of Pecos and Galisteo〔〔 and participated in three campaigns against the Comanches.〔 When the Viceroy of New Spain ordered that his northern governors produce maps of their territories,〔 Francisco Antonio Marín del Valle, Governor and Captain General of New Mexico, turned to Miera.〔〔〔 They went out into the field on this endeavor from late June to 1 December 1757.〔 The influential map was completed by April 1758.〔〔 Miera would go on to make at least two other maps for Marín.〔 Miera was granted a league of land (about 4428 acres or 1792 hectares) around Ceboletta, which was subsequently reduced to 4107 acres or 1662 hectares.〔 He also served as cartographer for the 1776 Dominguez-Escalante Expedition. Miera was often at odds with the other leaders of the group, and was also frequently ill.〔 The expedition failed in its goal of finding a route north to Monterey, but Miera produced maps which would be invaluable to subsequent explorers.〔 In 1779, Miera accompanied Governor of New Mexico Juan Bautista de Anza on a punitive expedition against the Comanches, who had been raiding Taos.〔 As a result, he drew perhaps his last map, covering an area centered on the Rio Grande from Santa Fe up to the Arkansas River.〔 On 4 or 11 April 1785, Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco died in Santa Fe.〔 His wife, Estefania, had died less than a year and a half earlier, also in Santa Fe.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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